Complete Afghanistan Information: Grography: Afghanistan is a mountainous country located at the crossroads between Pakistan and Central Asian area. There is a Highlands in the northeast of the Hindu Kush which passes to the west in the lower range of Koh-i-Baba. The highest peak in the Hindu Kush is Nowshak which is 7492 m. The climate is continental with an average January temperature in the plains of 0 to 5 ° C and the July 25 to 30 ° C. In mountain regions, the absolute minimum in January is -31 ° C. The largest part of Afghanistan receives about 325 mm of rain per year only in the eastern parts, which are under the influence of the monsoon, the annual rainfall in Afghanistan is 800 mm. The largest rivers Helmand, Hari (the Hari Rud) and Kabul (Kabul Rūd) originate in the western Hindu Kush. Helmand flows into the salt marshes around the lake of the same name, Harry disappears in sandstones Karakum (Garagum: Black Sands) and Kabul flows into the Indus river. The border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan and Uzbekistan forms the river Amu Darya. Vegetation in Semi-arid plains and in lower mountain areas (up to 1500 m) steppe between 1500 and 3300 m altitude growing deciduous and coniferous forests.

Economy of Afghanistan Country: Long-term social instability with a series of armed conflicts (from the early 1980s) economic set back Afghanistan, placing it among the least developed countries in the world. Lean is more than a third of the population, and unemployment is around 40% (2013). According to estimates by the World Bank (2014) in the next decade should be about 7 billion USD per year to help the development of infrastructure, public services, security system and others. Economic development and hinders the spread of corruption and illegal opium production (among the leaders in the world). In 2012 realized a GDP worth 20.5 billion USD or 640 USD per capita. In terms of share of GDP is the leading service sector with 53.5% (communication services, transport, financial sector), followed by agriculture with 24.6% (grains, fruits, livestock) and industry with 21.9% (food production , wool, carpets, leather). Mining is underdeveloped although significant deposits of iron, gold, silver, lead, zinc and others and Afghanistan also has oil and natural gas.

Traffic: Afghanistan has 76 km of railway (2011) and 42000 km of roads (2007). International airports are located in Kabul and Kandahar. Approximately 1210 km of waterways. On the Amu Darya is the main port Shere Khan. It was built 466 km of the pipeline (2011).


History of Afghanistan In English: The territory of Afghanistan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic of VI c  Cr. belonged to the state of the Achaemenids; 329. BC. Cr. won by Alexander III. Great in III c. From VII c the southern part of Afghanistan under the rule of the Arabs then begins rapid Islamization of the population. Afghanistan was ruled by various Persian, and Turkish dynasties. In XIII and XIV c the Mongol attacks have caused economic and cultural crisis. The short term is a period of prosperity under the rule Timurides in XV c In the XVI century divided between Persia, Great Mogul and the Uzbek Khanate.

Dost Mohammad son Sher Ali Khan lost his power after the second Anglo-Afghan War 1878-80 which is the reason was an increase in Russian influence in Afghanistan. At the end of the XIX c Abdur Rahman (1880-1901) acknowledged the British control of foreign policy of Afghanistan, and India is part of the territory ceded to the so-called Durand line. In 1907, Russia recognized that Afghanistan is in the British zone of influence. In the First World War, Afghanistan remained neutral and after the war Amanullah Khan (1919-29) proclaimed the independence of Afghanistan and occupied the area behind the Durand Line, which caused the third Anglo-Afghan war. During the reign of Amanullah Han implemented numerous reforms in 1923 passed the first constitution, the state has been modernized and has been introduced and the secular judiciary. At the Afghan-Pakistani border, there was a conflict in 1947, because Afghanistan is a supporter of the independence of Pakistani part Pashtunistan (dispute ended in the late 1960s). Coup of General Mohammad Daud Hana 1973 deposed the king, Zahir Shah and was declared a republic. After the coup leftist and pro-Soviet officers in 1978 the resistance to the new regime Babrak Karmali and Soviet forces up to 115 000 soldiers had provided the fundamentalist insurgents (mujahedin). They were tribal and religious divided into 15 major groups, and they were supported by Muslim countries, and China and the United States. Because of the war, more than five million Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran, while within Afghanistan were displaced about 2 million people. The agreement on the withdrawal of Soviet forces was reached in 1988 (the death toll was estimated at several hundred thousand, and Moscow's recognition of a loss of 14 500 soldiers). They continued to struggle mujahideen groups for power, that degenerated into civil war. In mid-1994 organized Taliban movement led by Mohammad Omar. Gathered is mainly Pashtuns and had the support of Pakistan and the United States. In September 1996 the Taliban captured Kabul and by mid-1997 they managed to occupy about 80% of Afghanistan. It is estimated that in the civil war during 1992-97 killed about 36,000 Afghans.

Complete Afghanistan History In Urdu:
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Pakistan History In English: The creation of Pakistan was the result of a long process at a time when India was still a British colony. Champions of the Indian independence movement in the late XIX. c. were based ideology of his movement substantial part of the Hindu religion and are often equaled Indian national revival with the renaissance of Hinduism. Time had lost the support of the Indian Muslim population. In 1906 with the support of the British colonial administration, which has noted the advantage that it provides her Hindu-Muslim religious antagonism, was established the All India Muslim League as a counterweight to the Indian national congress. Leading role in the League had Muslim feudal chiefs and big bourgeoisie, directly related to the British capital. In an era of intensive strengthening of the Indian national movement after the First World War, British colonial administration, pursuing its policy of divide et impera, was in favor of increasing the activities of the Muslim League. Despite the efforts of the Indian National League (J. Nehru and others.) And the resolution of the Congress Party (1938), which stresses that it will respect the rights of all minorities, the Muslim League under the leadership of MA Jinnah took up all the more intransigent attitude towards the Indian national congress. In March 1940, the Muslim League in Lahore at the Congress requested the division of India and the creation of a separate territorial unit encompassing four northwestern province of Bengal and Assam, and under the name of Pakistan. This name was coined in 1933 a group of young Indian Muslims under the leadership of Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, and it P stands for Punjab, A for Afghanistan (referring to the northwestern border province), K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and Balochistan for TAN. The departure of the British in 1947 British India was divided into two independent dominions within the Common wealth - India and Pakistan.

 Pakistan Essay In English: Pakistan Information: The first Governor-General of Pakistan was Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1947-48), and the first is the government compiled Liaquat Ali Khan, who was killed in the assassination in 1951 was declared the capital city of Karachi (1947), and in 1961 began construction of a new capital - Islamabad . The creation of Pakistan led to the division of Bengal and Punjab province, which caused the migration of millions of people. In the fall of 1947 broke out between Pakistan and India first conflict over → Kashmir . By the truce came 1. I. 1949, with the decision to resolve this issue plebiscite. Governor-General of Pakistan in 1955 became General Iskander Mirza; constitution was adopted in 1956, and it was declared Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Since he was elected provisional president, Mirza has performed a coup (1958), dissolved the government, abolished the Constitution, but soon afterwards became the new president of General Ayub Khan M. (1958-69). Until then banned Muslim League became the ruling party, the same year the country received a new constitution. Another conflict with India about Kashmir Pakistan led 1964 At the insistence of the UN, there was a ceasefire (23 IX. 1965). At the first general parliamentary elections in 1970, in which they voted and women, in the East Pakistan (Bengal) won the Awami League, which is committed to autonomy for Bengal and in West Pakistan won the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), which is strongly supported unity Pakistan. The negotiations on autonomy failed in 1971, and is under the direction of M. Rahman declared independent Bangladesh. The Pakistani army has tried to quell the rebellion, and it sparked a civil conflict and the third war with India. After Pakistan's capitulation, the position of the President, as the first civil politician, came for Bhutto, who sought to democratize the country. Because of the benefits of Bangladesh in the Commonwealth (1972-89), Pakistan has suspended its membership. In parliamentary elections in 1977 won by the PPP, but on charges of electoral fraud, there was a coup, and the government has taken the general  Zia ul Haq. He has dissolved parliament and banned political parties; Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was arrested and sentenced to death by hanging (1979). In parliamentary elections in 1988 again won the PPP led by B. Bhutto, who ruled 1988-90. and 1993-96. Conservative coalition of Islamic Democratic Alliance won the elections in 1990 and 1997 and introduced sharia. God. 1998. Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in response to India's nuclear tests. God. 1999 coup came to power Chief of Army Staff General Musharraf P.; 2001 was elected President and was in power until 2008. In 2001, Pakistan supported the military intervention of the United States and its allies against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. In the early 2000s the occasional action by the Pakistani military against the Islamist guerrilla strongholds in the Borderlands and others.

On the eve of the 2007 elections Benazir Bhutto was killed then her husband Asif Ali Zardari took over the leadership of PPP, won the elections in 2008 and became president (his powers are reduced to a ceremonial 2010). Stability disrupt the bombings Islamist groups (2010, there were about 1,200 killed, mostly civilians). Relations with the United States deteriorated parts of the cooperation of Pakistani military leadership with certain Taliban groups and activities of the US military in Pakistan, which was not in agreement with the Pakistani authorities. In geopolitical confrontation with India (Kashmir division, etc.), Pakistan held a cooperation with China; Chinese investment in the construction of Pakistan's Gwadar port in Balochistan are examined in the context of China's strategic presence in the Arabian Sea. After the parliamentary elections held in May 2013, he became Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (of 1988 led faction of the Pakistan Muslim League N, was prime minister in 1990-93. And 1997-99). The army remained a powerful political factor and early 2000s.

Pakistan History In Urdu and Pakistan Essay In Urdu
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Mohenjo Daro History In English: Mohenjo Daro an ancient city on the lower reaches of the river Indus, in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Archaeological excavations have revealed wide paved streets between the blocks of houses built of adobe, often on several floors. The city had a unique system of sewage and irrigation. On the western side of the city rose the fortress with walls of adobe. It contained baths, granary, Hall. Picture letter, familiar with many seals, has not yet been deciphered. Plastics (male and female figurines) connects Mohenjo Daro with Mesopotamian cultures. The fort was abandoned in mid-II. millennium BC. Cr., After the massacre of inhabitants whose skeletons were discovered in large numbers in homes and on the streets.

Mohenjo Daro History In Urdu:
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